A quarter-century of impressive human development progress continues to leave many people behind, with systemic, often unmeasured, barriers to catching up. A stronger focus on those excluded and on actions to dismantle these barriers is urgently needed to ensure sustainable human development for all.
These are the findings of the Human Development Report 2016, entitled ‘Human Development for Everyone’, released on March 21, 2017 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
The report finds that although average human development improved significantly across all regions from 1990 to 2015, one in three people worldwide continue to live in low levels of human development, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI).
“Leaving no one behind needs to become the way we operate as a global community. In order to overcome the barriers that hamper both human development and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), inclusiveness must guide policy choices,” said Swedish Prime Minister, Mr Stefan Löfven, speaking at the launch of the report in Stockholm, alongside UNDP Administrator, Ms Helen Clark, and the report’s lead author and Director of the Human Development Report Office, Mr Selim Jahan.
“The world has come a long way in rolling back extreme poverty, in improving access to education, health and sanitation, and in expanding possibilities for women and girls,” said Ms Clark.
“But those gains are a prelude to the next, possibly tougher challenge, to ensure the benefits of global progress reach everyone,” she said, adding that this was a concern in developed countries too, where poverty and exclusion are also a challenge, with over 300 million people – including more than one-third of all children – living in relative poverty.
Left behind and unable to catch up
The report said systemic discrimination against women, indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities, among others, are not only high deprivations, but disadvantages disproportionately affect some groups.
“We place too much attention on national averages, which often mask enormous variations in people’s lives. n order to advance, we need to examine more closely not just what has been achieved, but also who has been excluded and why,” Mr Jahan added.
The report shows that in almost every country, several groups face disadvantages that often overlap and reinforce each other, increasing vulnerability, widening the progress gap across generations, and making it harder to catch up as the world moves on.
Women and girls, rural dwellers, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, migrants, refugees among others are among those systematically excluded by barriers that are not purely economic, but political, social and cultural as well.
In the case of women, the largest of these groups, the report notes that while global gender disparities are narrowing slowly, longstanding patterns of exclusion and lack of empowerment for women and girls remain pressing challenges.
Women tend to be poorer, earn less, and have fewer opportunities in most aspects of life than men. In 100 countries where data were gathered from, women are legally excluded from some jobs because of their gender, and in 18 other countries, women need their husband’s approval to work. Dangerous practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and forced marriage continue.
Populations living in rural areas, it said, also faced multiple barriers. For instance, children from poor rural households attending school are less likely to be learning reading, writing and mathematics.
Moreover, migrants and refugees often face barriers to work, education and political participation and more than 250 million people in the world face discrimination on the basis of their ethnicity, the report notes among other examples.
It is time to face out deep-rooted barriers to development
“By eliminating deep, persistent, discriminatory social norms and laws, and addressing the unequal access to political participation, which have hindered progress for so many, poverty can be eradicated and a peaceful, just, and sustainable development can be achieved for all,” Ms Helen Clark said.
Marginalised groups often have limited opportunities to influence the institutions and policies that determine their lives. Changing this is central to breaking the vicious circle of exclusion and deprivation. For example, indigenous peoples account for five per cent of the world’s population, but 15 per cent of people living in poverty.
The report calls for far greater attention to empowering the most marginalised in society, and recognises the importance of giving them greater voice in decision-making processes.
The report also calls for a more refined analysis to inform actions, including making a shift towards assessing progress in such areas as participation and autonomy. Key data, disaggregated for characteristics such as place, gender, socio-economic status and ethnicity, is vital to know who is being left behind.
Moreover, the report warns that, key development metrics could overstate progress when they focus on the quantity, rather than the quality of development. For instance, girls’ enrolment in primary education has increased, but in half of 53 developing countries with data, the majority of adult women who completed four to six years of primary school are illiterate.
Human development for everyone is attainable
“Despite progress gaps, universal human development is attainable. Over the last decades, we have witnessed achievements in human development that were once thought impossible,” Mr Jahan said.
Since 1990, one billion people have escaped extreme poverty, and women’s empowerment has become a mainstream issue, while as recently as the 1990s, very few countries legally protected women from domestic violence, today, 127 countries do.
The report stresses the importance of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to build on these gains, noting that the agenda and human development approach are mutually reinforcing.
The report includes recommendations to re-orient policies to ensure progress reaches those furthest behind, and urges reforms of global markets and global institutions to make them more equitable and representative.
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