The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to three British-born scientists for discoveries about strange forms of matter.
David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz, will share the 8m kronor (£727,000) prize.
They were named at a press conference in Sweden, and join a prestigious list of 200 other Physics laureates recognised since 1901.
The Nobel Committee said the work had “opened the door on an unknown world”.
When matter is very cold or extremely flat, scientists start to see unusual behaviour from the atoms.
These phenomena complement the more familiar phases of matter, namely when things change from solid to liquid to gas.
The laureates’ discoveries had helped scientists in designing new materials.
Prof Haldane commented: “I was very surprised and very gratified.”
“The work was a long time ago but it’s only now that a lot of tremendous new discoveries are based on this original work and have extended.”
All three researchers used maths to explain strange physical effects in rare states of matter, such as superconductors, superfluids and thin magnetic films.
Kosterlitz and Thouless focused on phenomena that arise in flat forms of matter – on surfaces or inside extremely thin layers that can be considered two-dimensional.
This contrasts with the three dimensions (length, width and height) with which we usually describe reality.
Haldane also studied matter that forms threads so thin they can be considered one-dimensional.
Acting chairman of the Nobel committee, Prof Nils Mårtensson, commented: “Today’s advanced technology – take for instance our computers – relies on our ability to understand and control the properties of the materials involved.
“And this year’s Nobel laureates in their theoretical work discovered a set of totally unexpected regularities in the behaviour of matter, which can be described in terms of an established mathematical concept – namely, that of topology.
“This has paved the way for designing new materials with novel properties and there is great hope that this will be important for many future technologies.”
Although British in origin, the three individuals all now live and work in the US.
David Thouless was born in 1934 in Bearsden. He is an emeritus professor at the University of Washington.
Duncan Haldane was born in 1951 in London. He is a professor of physics at Princeton University.
Michael Kosterlitz was born in 1942 in Aberdeen. He is currently affiliated to Brown University.
Previous winners of the Nobel Prize in physics
2015 – Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald were awarded the prize the discovery that neutrinos switch between different “flavours”.
2014 – Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura won the physics Nobel for developing the first blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
2013 – Francois Englert and Peter Higgs shared the spoils for formulating the theory of the Higgs boson particle.
2012 – Serge Haroche and David J Wineland were awarded the prize for their work with light and matter.
2011 – The discovery that the expansion of the Universe was accelerating earned Saul Perlmutter, Brian P Schmidt and Adam Riess the physics prize.
2010 – Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov were awarded the prize for their discovery of the “wonder material” graphene.
2009 – Charles Kuen Kao won the physics Nobel for helping to develop fibre optic cables.
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